ATP synthase — the cell's motor (3D)

About this app

Protons flow through the membrane and turn a ring of c subunits; the γ stalk deforms the three β subunits in turn (open, loose, tight), and every turn makes three ATP. Change the gradient and the c-ring (c8, c10, c14), read the energy balance per ATP, run it backwards as a proton pump. Exhibit-ready.

Subject: Biology & neuroscience

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