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CRISPR-Cas9 — the gene scissors (3D)

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Cas9 with its guide RNA slides along a DNA double helix, checks every PAM site (NGG), unwinds the DNA and forms the R-loop. Only with full pairing do HNH and RuvC cut both strands 3 bp before the PAM. Then choose the repair: end joining (NHEJ) with an insertion or deletion, or precise copying from a template (HDR). A mismatch in the seed prevents the cut. Exhibit-ready.

Subject: Biology & neuroscience

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